Animal Farm and A Modest Proposal Essay - 2687 Words

Animal Farm and A Modest Proposal Although Animal Farm and A Modest Proposal were written over two hundred years apart, and one is non-fiction and the other is not, there are distinct similarities between the two. Both of the pieces are political, with Animal Farm based on the Russian Revolution, and A Modest Proposal based on the situation of homelessness in Ireland. Also, both of the pieces are satirical. Animal Farm ridicules the ordinary Russian people for being gullible, and A Modest Proposal mocks politicians who ignore sensible suggestions and come up with extreme ones. In the build up to his speech, Old Major first clears his throat, to gain all of the animals attention. The fact that all he has to do is clear his†¦show more content†¦He says Man is the only real enemy we have. In the following two paragraphs, he plays on the animals emotions by scaring them individually. He mainly picks on the animals that are liked by the rest of the farm. He says You, Boxer, the very day those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to the knackers. This makes the other animals more afraid, as thoughts of their friends dying are being put in their minds, and they want to know what they can do to stop it happening. In the seventh paragraph of his speech, he develops the solution to their problems, by suggesting a rebellion, That is my message to you comrades: Rebellion! It is only when he has the audience on his side, that he mentions the rebellion. He has used persuasive techniques to channel their anger towards man, and told them how to solve this problem. In the next paragraph, he warns the animals to never falter, and never listen to anyone when they tell you that man and the animals have a common interest. By warning the animals, it will seem to them that he knows what is going to happen, and what to look out for. This again will make him seem wise. A fight breaks out in the audience, and we are once reminded of the respect that the animals have for Old Major, as he raises his trotter to silence the barn. This shows us that the animals will do what he says, and believe what he is telling them. In theShow MoreRelatedJonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal949 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift takes place in Dublin Ireland in the 18th century. The narrator is a very ironic character. His â€Å"modest† proposal is anything but modest. This short story takes place during a famine. Since there was a famine, Swift proposes the idea that people sell their one year old children to the rich so they would not be a burden to their family. One important way in which the author engages the audience’s attention and tries to help his readers see deeper politicalRead MoreSatire, The Enlightening Torch Of The Darkness1075 Words   |  5 Pagesthoughts and to morally and socially acceptable standards. Johnathan Swift, a modest proposal, shows us a world of hallucinatory reality. â€Å"Irish children should be bred and butchered for the English dining table, thus providing income for the poor and alleviating the misery of all† (Fiero 129) quote Swift, unfold a sarcasm scenes at that time England and Ireland were at loggerheads, Swift indented to materialized Irish boys as animals that can be â€Å"bred† and even â€Å"butchered† to become English men’s food.Read MoreA Modest Proposal For Preventing The Children Of Poor People1458 Words   |  6 Pagesin his works of literature is Jonathan Swift, whose hard-hitting essay â€Å"A Modest Proposal For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland, from Being a Burden on Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick† is one of the most popular and analyzed texts within the world of satire, and truly makes one think about the art. One article that explores Swift’s u se of satire within â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is Paddy Bullord’s â€Å"The Scriblerian Mock-Arts† This essay delves deeplyRead More A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesA Modest Proposal A Modest Proposal is everything that a satirical story should be. It includes sarcasm and irony as Jonathan Swift takes us through a roller coaster ride to show us how the poor are treated miserably. The narrator begins by leading us down a path. He seems sincere and thinks it is a pity how everywhere you walk in the streets of Dublin you see the poor begging people for hand outs. He is seeking a solution to help the commonwealth. He appears to be a logicalRead MoreJonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal, And Thomas More s Utopia1584 Words   |  7 Pages Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† and Thomas More’s Utopia both treat the poor, old, or sick similarly. Swift writes a mock proposal to eat the children of poor families, while More writes about an â€Å"ideal,† utopian society where the old and sick are told that they might as well just die. Both exaggerate the similarities between humans and animals in order to reveal to the public how they are treating these types of people in real life. The authors’ ideas are pushing how society deals with peopleRead MoreA Modest Proposal, by Jonathan Swift Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesJonathan Swift in his essay â€Å"A Modest Proposal† uses satire to attack governmental injustices and political abuse. He addresses Irish poverty and contends that the problem can be solved, and the economy saved by eating Irish babies. In the process, he emphasizes the number and extent of Irelands social ills and the indifference and neglect with which they h ave been treated. He talks about the abuses on Irish Catholics by English Protestants who owned farms where the poor Irish men worked and chargedRead MoreEssay about A Swift Change Is Imminent1714 Words   |  7 PagesAt a first glance, a misogynist’s paradise is apparent when perceiving Jonathan Swift’s The Lady’s Dressing Room and a cannibalistic one in A Modest Proposal. However, Swift’s intricate feelings do not depict Ireland’s crude social convention, but rather for Swift’s revolutionary vitriolic satire, which permeates humanity’s blindness through political stand points. By using grotesque metaphors, to open the figurative eyes of the public, Swift’s poetry forced society to analyze the ways of livingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of A Modest Proposal722 Words   |  3 PagesA Modest Rhetorical Analysis Since its original publishing in 1729, Jonathan Swift’s pamphlet â€Å"A Modest Proposal† has endured for its rhetorical complexity (and sheer satirical absurdities). Through judicious use of ethos (ethical appeal), logos (logical appeal), and pathos (emotional appeal), Swift crafts a sarcastic, insincere, overly embellished argument to address Irelands food shortage and economic crisis meant to simultaneously entice and repulse readers. His audience is explicitly asked toRead MoreUsing Satire in A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift760 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift, is an essay that uses satire. Merriam-Webster defines satire as: a way of using humor to show that someone or something is foolish, weak, bad, etc.: humor that shows the weaknesses or bad qualities of a person, government, society, etc. â€Å"Satire may make the reader laugh at, or feel disgust for, the person or thing satirized. Impishly or sardonically, it criticizes someone or something, using wit and clever wording—and sometimes makes outrageous assertions orRead MoreThe Problem Of Overpopulation And Overpopulation1102 Words   |  5 PagesMany of these Englishmen felt mistreated and wronged. Ireland was a colony to England. The people of England had more money and power than the people of Ireland because England controlled Ireland. Johnathon Swift, a satirical writer, wrote â€Å"A Modest Proposal† to show the flaws of the current solutions to the overpopulation and poverty crisis in Ireland. He wanted people of Ireland dismiss the current government issued plans and come up with their own solutions. He successfully accomplished his goal

The World s First Idea For A Credit Card - 1420 Words

In the year 1949, a businessman by the name of Frank McNamara, conceived the world’s first idea for a credit card. The idea was intended for when McNamara went out for an important diner. While he was out, he realized he had left his wallet at home and was unable to pay for the dinner so he needed something that could allow him to come back and pay for the balance later. Overtime McNamara’s credit card idea has evolved into an electronic way of making payments, we now use credit cards to purchase groceries at the local market and make payments online since handing cash through the Internet is virtually impossible. This small dinner idea was created for the purpose of basically generating and IOU for a man who forgot his money at home has†¦show more content†¦A centralized financial system is when a government assigns all economic responsibility to a specific entity within its branches of government. Some say the Federal Reserve is the most powerful entity withi n the United States government. Leaders within our government have the ability to manipulate the Dollar’s value in order to try and control the economy’s flow of goods and services. If the economy is seeing a spike in prices at the grocery store that means there is inflation and the Federal Reserve can withhold dollars from entering the system – creating a lower amount of available dollars to spend, ultimately increasing the value of the dollar and lowering the prices at the grocery store back down to normal. The value of the American dollar can be a very powerful tool when it comes to the government trying to balance the American economy, the Federal Reserve could use this same strategy to manipulate the financial system when it comes to the desired amount of goods being imported or exported between the United States and other nations.. This being said, the money in your pocket is susceptible to becoming trivial in the matter of hours, days, weeks, or months. T his has been seen before in the late 1970’s and earlyShow MoreRelatedShould The World Be Today? If There Was No Debt?1281 Words   |  6 Pageswould the world be today if there was no debt? Would things be better in the economy? The answer to this question is yes. Now, debt in the world has become a huge problem for the U.S. In the year of 1946, the first step into a world with debt would begin. This new creation would be the beginning of debt in the world. The invention of the credit card was a blessing, and also a curse for many. This invention would also be a huge breakthrough in how things were paid for. This one simple card would makeRead MoreVarious Types Of Credit Cards1315 Words   |  6 PagesVarious types of credit cards are available in the market. They have evolved from their early days into flexible financial tools for most types of spenders and savers. But with so many types of credit cards on offer it can be somewhat overwhelming. Few examples are Airline c redit card, Balance transfer credit card, cash rebate credit cards etc. How to choose the Right Card? There are literally tens of hundreds of credit cards on offer in the USA, and the list is growing daily. So, which isRead MoreCredit Card Fraud Should Be A Federal Offense1120 Words   |  5 Pages Abstract Credit card fraud is a federal offense and can get an offender up to 20 years in prison depending on the severity of the situation. Should it be a federal offense? Credit card fraud is becoming more and more relevant especially in the United States , matter of fact it increased by 16% in 2016 alone. This is a serious problem in today s society. The hypothesis that s being examined in this paper is that credit card fraud should be a federal offense. This has become a relevantRead MorePersonal Letter : Personal Banker912 Words   |  4 Pageseventually a credit card in my name without any cosigner. With this in mind before my 18th birthday, I research every bank from big banks such as Bank of America to little credit unions like Arizona Federal. I learn about the fees, how to avoid them, the advantages and disadvantages of a big bank and credit unions, credit reports, the different type of credit cards available and what the best way to obtain them is. Then at 18, I opened my first bank account and subsequently a credit card a couple monthsRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Credit Card1055 Words   |  5 PagesHaving a credit card has many advantages and disadvantages to them. Some of the advantages might outweigh the disadvantages, or the disadvantages might outweigh the advantages. It’s all about looking out for the hidden fees or charges that some credit card companies that will do that for people. Some advantages of a credit card are: Conveniences, Build positive credit history, instant cash, and also purchase protection. A few disadvantages are Overuse, Paperwork, and deepening people s debt. CreditRead MoreDoes The Internet Make The World A Bigger Or Smaller Place?1688 Words   |  7 Pages Does the internet make the world a bigger or smaller place? Today, we live in a technologically based world in which almost everything we do is done through computer-based technology. Communication, marketing, and even transactions are all done through technology. The danger of having all of your information online is that once something is on the internet, it is permanent. Whether it be your home address, phone number, or simply pictures of you and your family, you can never really removeRead MoreWhy You Should Outlaw Credit And Debit Cards860 Words   |  4 Pagessalads and gym memberships, we tend to forget about our fiscal resolutions. Dieting can be quite an expensive lifestyle change. Luckily there s a diet out there that can kick-start your money resolutions! Why You Should Outlaw Credit and Debit Cards We are lucky to live in a society with easy and secure access to our money through the use of credit and debit cards. We re even given register books to manage the amount of money that goes in and out of our accounts on a daily basis. However, most peopleRead MoreTell Me About Yourself?862 Words   |  4 Pageseventually a credit card in my name without any cosigner. With this in mind before my 18th birthday, I research every bank from big banks such as Bank of America to little credit unions like Arizona Federal. I learn about the fees, how to avoid them, the advantages and disadvantages of a big bank and credit unions, credit reports, the different type of credit cards available and what the best way to obtain them is. Then at 18, I opened my first bank account and subsequently a credit card a couple monthsRead MoreTechnology And The Internet And Personal Smartphone Devices1270 Words   |  6 Pagesinto three types. First and foremost, there are the commonly known devices that a re connected to the open internet like a smartphone or standard PC. Next, there are devices pertaining to the transfer of sensitive information like ATM’s, store transactions, or anything requiring the use of a credit/debit card. Lastly, there are the networks of communication like a standard car radio or GPS device. All of these devices work to â€Å"[connect] about 2.7 billion people around the world† (Goutam 14). Not toRead MoreDebit Card And Debit Cards Fraud Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesHistory 3. Types of debit cards 4. How do Debit cards work? 5. Advantages of debit cards 6. Disadvantages of debit cards 7. Ways to protect from debit cards fraud 8. Conclusion and future scope 9. Bibliography Introduction According to Wikipedia â€Å"A debit card also known as a bank card or check card is a plastic payment card that can be used instead of cash when making purchases. It is similar to a credit card, but unlike a credit card, the money comes directly from the user s bank account when performing

Real World Free Essays

string(89) " for online booking of airline and railway tickets and for other ecommerce transactions\." Real world cyber crime cases This document is an extract from the book Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective authored by Rohas Nagpal. This book is available as courseware for the Diploma in Cyber Law and PG Program in Cyber Law conducted by Asian School of Cyber Laws www. asianlaws. We will write a custom essay sample on Real World or any similar topic only for you Order Now org Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. Real World Cases This chapter serves as a ready reference guide. First the various scenarios are covered. A detailed discussion on the various cyber crimes, is covered in the ASCL publication titled â€Å"Understanding Hackers and Cyber Criminals†. This is provided as official courseware for the ASCL Certified Cyber Crime Investigator course. Then the applicable law and legal liabilities are covered. Then the modus operandi usually followed by the criminals is discussed. The investigation guidelines for cyber crime investigators are not discussed in this book as they are part of the syllabus of the ASCL Certified Cyber Crime Investigator course only. For real world case studies on investigation of cyber crimes, please refer to the ASCL publication titled â€Å"Case Studies on Cyber Crime Investigation†. This is provided as official courseware for the ASCL Certified Cyber Crime Investigator course. – 130 –  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 1 Orkut Fake Profile cases Orkut. com is a very popular online community and social networking website. Orkut users can search for and interact with people who share the same hobbies and interests. They can create and join a wide variety of online communities. The profiles of Orkut members are publicly viewable. The scenarios 1. A fake profile of a woman is created on Orkut. The profile displays her correct name and contact information (such as address, residential phone number, cell phone number etc). Sometimes it even has her photograph. The problem is that the profile describes her as a prostitute or a woman of â€Å"loose character† who wants to have sexual relations with anyone. Other Orkut members see this profile and start calling her at all hours of the day asking for sexual favours. This leads to a lot of harassment for the victim and also defames her in society. 2. An online hate community is created. This community displays objectionable information against a particular country, religious or ethnic group or even against national leaders and historical figures. 3. A fake profile of a man is created on Orkut. The profile contains defamatory information abut the victim (such as his alleged sexual weakness, alleged immoral character etc) The law Scenario 1: Section 67 of Information Technology Act and section 509 of the Indian Penal Code. Scenario 2: Section 153A and 153B of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 3: Section 500 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? Scenario 1: Directors of Orkut as well as all those who create and update the fake profile. Scenario 2: Same as Scenario 1. Scenario 3: Same as Scenario 1.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 131 – Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective The motive Scenario 1: Jealousy or revenge (e. g. the victim may have rejected the advances made by the suspect). Scenario 2: Desire to cause racial hatred (e. g. Pakistani citizens creating an anti-India online community). Scenario 3: Hatred (e. g. a school student who has failed may victimize his teachers). Modus Operandi 1. The suspect would create a free Gmail account using a fictitious name. 2. The email ID chosen by him would be unrelated to his real identity. 3. The suspect would then login to Orkut. com and create the offensive profile. – 132 –  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 2 Email Account Hacking Emails are increasingly being used for social interaction, business communication and online transactions. Most email account holders do not take basic precautions to protect their email account passwords. Cases of theft of email passwords and subsequent misuse of email accounts are becoming very common. The scenarios 1. The victim’s email account password is stolen and the account is then misused for sending out malicious code (virus, worm, Trojan etc) to people in the victim’s address book. The recipients of these viruses believe that the email is coming from a known person and run the attachments. This infects their computers with the malicious code. 2. The victim’s email account password is stolen and the hacker tries to extort money from the victim. The victim is threatened that if he does not pay the money, the information contained in the emails will be misused. 3. The victim’s email account password is stolen and obscene emails are sent to people in the victim’s address book. The law Scenario 1: Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act. Scenario 2: Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 384 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 3: Sections 43, 66 and 67 of Information Technology Act and section 509 of the Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? Scenario 1: Persons who have stolen the email account password and who are misusing the email account. Scenario 2: Persons who have stolen the email account password and who are threatening to misuse it.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 133 – Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective Scenario 3: Persons who have stolen the email account password and who are misusing the email account. The motive Scenario 1: Corporate Espionage, perverse pleasure in being able to destroy valuable information belonging to strangers etc. Scenario 2: Illegal financial gain. Scenario 3: Revenge, jealousy, hatred. Modus Operandi 1. The suspect would install keyloggers in public computers (such as cyber cafes, airport lounges etc) or the computers of the victim. 2. Unsuspecting victims would login to their email accounts using these infected computers. 3. The passwords of the victim’s email accounts would be emailed to the suspect. – 134 –  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 3 Credit Card Fraud Credit cards are commonly being used for online booking of airline and railway tickets and for other ecommerce transactions. You read "Real World" in category "Papers" Although most of ecommerce websites have implemented strong security measures (such as SSL, secure web servers etc), instances of credit card frauds are increasing. The scenario The victim’s credit card information is stolen and misused for making online purchases (e. g. airline tickets, software, subscription to pornographic websites etc). The law Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 420 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? All persons who have stolen the credit card information as well as those who have misused it. The motive Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi Scenario 1: The suspect would install keyloggers in public computers (such as cyber cafes, airport lounges etc) or the computers of the victim. Unsuspecting victims would use these infected computers to make online transactions. The credit card information of the victim would be emailed to the suspect. Scenario 2: Petrol pump attendants, workers at retail outlets, hotel waiters etc note down information of the credit cards used for making payment at these establishments. This information is sold to criminal gangs that misuse it for online frauds. 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 135 – Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 4 Online Share Trading Fraud With the advent of dematerialization of shares in India, it has become mandatory for investors to have demat accounts. In most cases an online banking account is linked with the share trading account. This has led to a high number of online share trading frauds. The scenario S cenario 1: The victim’s account passwords are stolen and his accounts are misused for making fraudulent bank transfers. Scenario 2: The victim’s account passwords are stolen and his share trading accounts are misused for making unauthorised transactions that result in the victim making losses. The law Scenario 1: Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 420 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 2: Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? Scenario 1: All persons who have stolen the account information as well as those who have misused it. Scenario 2: All persons who have stolen the account information as well as those who have misused it. The motive Scenario 1: Illegal financial gain Scenario 2: Revenge, jealousy, hatred Modus Operandi Scenario 1: The suspect would install keyloggers in public computers (such as cyber cafes, airport lounges etc) or the computers of the victim. Unsuspecting victims would use these infected computers to login to their online banking and share trading accounts. The passwords and other information of the victim would be emailed to the suspect. Scenario 2: Same as scenario 1. – 136  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 3. 5 Tax Evasion and Money Laundering Many unscrupulous businessmen and money launderers (havala operators) are using virtual as well as physical storage media for hiding information and records of their illicit business. The scenario Scenario 1: The suspect uses physical storage media for hiding the information e. g. hard drives, floppies, USB drives, mobile phone memory cards, digital camera memory car ds, CD ROMs, DVD ROMs, iPods etc. Scenario 2: The suspect uses virtual storage media for hiding the information e. g. mail accounts, online briefcases, FTP sites, Gspace etc. The law Scenario 1: Depending upon the case, provisions of the Income Tax Act and Prevention of Money Laundering Act will apply. Scenario 2: Depending upon the case, provisions of the Income Tax Act and Prevention of Money Laundering Act will apply. Who is liable? Scenario 1: information. The person who hides the Scenario 2: The person who hides the information. If the operators of the virtual storage facility do not cooperate in the investigation, then they also become liable. The motive Scenario 1: Illegal financial gain Scenario 2: Illegal financial gain Modus Operandi Scenario 1: The suspect would purchase small storage devices with large data storage capacities. Scenario 2: The suspect would open free or paid accounts with online storage providers.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 137 – Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 6 Source Code Theft Computer source code is the most important asset of software companies. Simply put, source code is the programming instructions that are compiled into the executable files that are sold by software development companies. As is expected, most source code thefts take place in software companies. Some cases are also reported in banks, manufacturing companies and other organisations who get original software developed for their use. The scenario Scenario 1: The suspect (usually an employee of the victim) steals the source code and sells it to a business rival of the victim. Scenario 2: The suspect (usually an employee of the victim) steals the source code and uses it as a base to make and sell his own version of the software. The law Scenario 1: Sections 43, 65 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of the Copyright Act. Scenario 2: Sections 43, 65 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of the Copyright Act. Who is liable? Scenario 1: The persons who steal the source code as well as the persons who purchase the stolen source code. Scenario 2: The persons who steal the source code. The motive Scenario 1: Illegal financial gain. Scenario 2: Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi Scenario 1: If the suspect is an employee of the victim, he would usually have direct or indirect access to the source code. He would steal a copy of the source code and hide it using a virtual or physical storage device. – 138 – 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective If the suspect is not an employee of the victim, he would hack into the victim’s servers to steal the source code. Or he would use social engineering to get unauthorised access to the code. He would then contact potential buyers to make the sale. Scenario 2: If the suspec t is an employee of the victim, he would usually have direct or indirect access to the source code. He would steal a copy of the source code and hide it using a virtual or physical storage device. If the suspect is not an employee of the victim, e would hack into the victim’s servers to steal the source code. Or he would use social engineering to get unauthorised access to the code. He would then modify the source code (either himself or in association with other programmers) and launch his own software.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 139 – Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 7 Theft of Confidential Information Most business organisations store their sensitive information in computer systems. This information is targeted by rivals, criminals and sometimes disgruntled employees. The scenario Scenario 1: A business rival obtains the information (e. g. tender quotations, business plans etc) using hacking or social engineering. He then uses the information for the benefit of his own business (e. g. quoting lower rates for the tender). Scenario 2: A criminal obtains the information by hacking or social engineering and threatens to make the information public unless the victim pays him some money. Scenario 3: A disgruntled employee steals the information and mass mails it to the victim’s rivals and also posts it to numerous websites and newsgroups. The law Scenario 1: Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 2: Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 384 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 3: Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? Scenario 1: The persons who steal the information as well as the persons who misuse the stolen information. Scenario 2: The persons who steal the information as well as the persons who threaten the victim and extort money. Scenario 3: The disgruntled employee as well as the persons who help him in stealing and distributing the information. The motive Scenario 1: Illegal financial gain. Scenario 2: Illegal financial gain. Scenario3: Revenge. – 140  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective Modus Operandi Scenario 1: The suspect could hire a skilled hacker to break into the victim systems. The hacker could also use social engineering techniques. Illustration: A very good looking woman went to meet the system administrator (sysadmin) of a large company. She interviewed the sysadmin for a â€Å"magazine article†. During the interview she flirted a lot with the sysadmin and while leaving she â€Å"accidentally† left her pen drive at the sysadmin’s room. The sysadmin accessed the pen drive and saw that it contained many photographs of the lady. He did not realize that the photographs were Trojanized! Once the Trojan was in place, a lot of sensitive information was stolen very easily. Illustration: The sysadmin of a large manufacturing company received a beautifully packed CD ROM containing â€Å"security updates† from the company that developed the operating system that ran his company’s servers. He installed the â€Å"updates† which in reality were Trojanized software. For 3 years after that a lot of confidential information was stolen from the company’s systems! Scenario 2: Same as scenario 1. Scenario 3: The disgruntled employee would usually have direct or indirect access to the information. He can use his personal computer or a cyber cafe to spread the information.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 141 – Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 8 Software Piracy Many people do not consider software piracy to be theft. They would never steal a rupee from someone but would not think twice before using pirated software. There is a common perception amongst normal computer users to not consider software as â€Å"property†. This has led to software piracy becoming a flourishing business. The scenario Scenario 1: The software pirate sells the pirated software in physical media (usually CD ROMs) through a close network of dealers. Scenario 2: The software pirate sells the pirated software through electronic downloads through websites, bulletin boards, newsgroups, spam emails etc. The law Scenario 1: Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of Copyright Act. Scenario 2: Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of Copyright Act. Who is liable? Scenario 1: The software pirate as well as the persons who buy the pirated software from him. Scenario 2: The software pirate as well as the persons who buy the pirated software from him. The motive Scenario 1: Illegal financial gain. Scenario 2: Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi Scenario 1: The suspect uses high speed CD duplication equipment to create multiple copies of the pirated software. This software is sold through a network of computer hardware and software vendors. Scenario 2: The suspect registers a domain name using a fictitious name and then hosts his website using a service provider that is based in a country that does not have cyber laws. Such service providers do not divulge client information to law enforcement officials of other countries. – 142  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 9 Music Piracy Many people do not consider music piracy to be theft. They would never steal a rupee from someone but would not think twice before buying or using pirated music. There is a common perception amongst people users to not consider music as â€Å"property†. There is a huge business in music piracy. Thousands of unscrupulous businessmen sell pirated music at throw away prices. The scenario Scenario 1: The music pirate sells the pirated music in physical media (usually CD ROMs) through a close network of dealers. Scenario 2: The music pirate sells the pirated music through electronic downloads through websites, bulletin boards, newsgroups, spam emails etc. The law Scenario 1: Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of Copyright Act. Scenario 2: Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of Copyright Act. Who is liable? Scenario 1: The music pirate as well as the persons who buy the pirated software from him. Scenario 2: The music pirate as well as the persons who buy the pirated software from him. The motive Scenario 1: Illegal financial gain. Scenario 2: Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi Scenario 1: The suspect uses high speed CD duplication equipment to create multiple copies of the pirated music. This music is sold through a network of dealers. Scenario 2: The suspect registers a domain name using a fictitious name and then hosts his website using a service provider that is based in a country that does not have cyber laws. Such service providers do not divulge client information to law enforcement officials of other countries.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 143 – Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 10 Email Scams Emails are fast emerging as one of the most common methods of communication in the modern world. As can be expected, criminals are also using emails extensively for their illicit activities. The scenario In the first step, the suspect convinces the victim that the victim is going to get a lot of money (by way of winning a lottery or from a corrupt African bureaucrat who wants to transfer his ill gotten gains out of his home country). In order to convince the victim, the suspect sends emails (some having official looking documents as attachments). Once the victim believes this story, the suspect asks for a small fee to cover legal expenses or courier charges. If the victim pays up the money, the suspect stops all contact. The law Section 420 of Indian Penal Code Who is liable? The sender of the email. The motive Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi The suspect creates email accounts in fictitious names and sends out millions of fraudulent emails using powerful spam software. – 144 –  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 11 Phishing With the tremendous increase in the use of online banking, online share trading and ecommerce, there has been a corresponding growth in the ncidents of phishing being used to carry out financial frauds. Phishing involves fraudulently acquiring sensitive information (e. g. passwords, credit card details etc) by masquerading as a trusted entity. The scenario Scenario 1: The victim receives an email that appears to have been sent from his bank. The email urges the victim to click on the link in the email. When the victim does so, he is taken to â€Å"a secure page on the bank’s website†. The victim believes the web page to be authentic and he enters his username, password and other information. In reality, the website is a fake and the victim’s information is stolen and misused. The law Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and sections 419, 420 and 468 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? All persons involved in creating and sending the fraudulent emails and creating and maintaining the fake website. The persons who misuse the stolen or â€Å"phished† information are also liable. The motive Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi The suspect registers a domain name using fictitious details. The domain name is usually such that can be misused for spoofing e. g. Noodle Bank has its website at www. oodle. com The suspects can target Noodle customers using a domain name like www. noodle-bank-customerlogin. com The suspect then sends spoofed emails to the victims. e. g. the emails may appear to come from info@noodle. com The fake website is designed to look exactly like the original website.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 145 †“ Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 12 Cyber Pornography Cyber pornography is believed to be one of the largest businesses on the Internet today. The millions of pornographic websites that flourish on the Internet are testimony to this. While pornography per se is not illegal in many countries, child pornography is strictly illegal in most nations today. Cyber pornography includes pornographic websites, pornographic magazines produced using computers (to publish and print the material) and the Internet (to download and transmit pornographic pictures, photos, writings etc). The scenario The suspect accepts online payments and allows paying customers to view / download pornographic pictures, videos etc from his website. The law Section 67 of Information Technology Act. Who is liable? The persons who create and maintain the pornographic websites are liable. In some cases cyber cafe owners and managers may also be liable in case they knowingly allow their customers to access the pornographic websites. The motive Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi The suspect registers a domain name using fictitious details and hosts a website on a server located in a country where cyber pornography is not illegal. The suspect accepts online payments and allows paying customers to view / download pornographic pictures, videos etc from his website. – 146 –  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 3 Online Sale of Illegal Articles It is becoming increasingly common to find cases where sale of narcotics drugs, weapons, wildlife etc. is being facilitated by the Internet. Information about the availability of the products for sale is being posted on auction websites, bulletin boards etc. The scenario The suspect posts information about the illegal sale that he seeks to make. Po tential customers can contact the seller using the email IDs provided. If the buyer and seller trust each other after their email and / or telephonic conversation, the actual transaction can be concluded. In most such cases the buyer and seller will meet face to face at the time of the final transaction. Illustration: In March 2007, the Pune rural police cracked down on an illegal rave party and arrested hundreds of illegal drug users. The social networking site, Orkut. com, is believed to be one of the modes of communication for gathering people for the illegal â€Å"drug† party. The law Depending upon the illegal items being transacted in, provisions of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, Arms Act, Indian Penal Code, Wildlife related laws etc may apply. Who is liable? The persons who buy and sell these items. The motive Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi The suspect creates an email ID using fictitious details. He then posts messages, about the illegal products, in various chat rooms, bulletin boards, newsgroups etc. Potential customers can contact the seller using the email IDs provided. If the buyer and seller trust each other after their email and / or telephonic conversation, the actual transaction can be concluded. In most such cases the buyer and seller will meet face to face at the time of the final transaction.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. 147 – Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 14 Use of Internet and Computers by Terrorists Many terrorists are using virtual as well as physical storage media for hiding information and records of their illicit business. They also use emails and chat rooms to communicate with their counterparts around the globe. The scenario The suspects carry laptops wh erein information relating to their activities is stored in encrypted and password protected form. They also create email accounts using fictitious details. In many cases, one email account is shared by many people. E. g. one terrorist composes an email and saves it in the draft folder. Another terrorist logs into the same account from another city / country and reads the saved email. He then composes his reply and saves it in the draft folder. The emails are not actually sent. This makes email tracking and tracing almost impossible. Terrorists also use physical storage media for hiding the information e. g. hard drives, floppies, USB drives, mobile phone memory cards, digital camera memory cards, CD ROMs, DVD ROMs, iPods etc. They also use virtual storage media for hiding the information e. g. mail accounts, online briefcases, FTP sites, Gspace etc. The law Terrorists are covered by conventional laws such as Indian Penal Code and special legislation relating to terrorism. Who is liable? Terrorists as well as those who help them to protect their information are liable. If email service providers do not assist the law enforcement personnel in the investigation then they are also legally liable. T he motive Keeping terrorism related information confidential. Secure communication amongst terrorist group members. Modus Operandi The terrorists purchase small storage devices with large data storage capacities. They also purchase and use encryption software. The terrorists may also use free or paid accounts with online storage providers. – 148  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 23. 15 Virus Attacks Computer viruses are malicious programs that destroy electronic information. As the world is increasingly becoming networked, the threat and damage caused by viruses is growing by leaps and bounds. The scenario Scenario 1: The virus is a general â€Å"in the wild† virus. This means that it is spreading all over the world and is not targeted at any specific organisation. Scenario 2: The virus targets a particular organisation. This type of a virus is not known to anti-virus companies as it is a new virus created specifically to target a particular organisation. The law Scenario 1: Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 2: Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? Scenario 1: The creator of the virus. Scenario 2: The creator of the virus as well as the buyer who purchases the virus (usually to target his business rivals). The motive Scenario 1: Thrill and a perverse pleasure in destroying data belonging to strangers. Scenario 2: Illegal business rivalry. financial gain, revenge, Modus Operandi Scenario 1: A highly skilled programmer creates a new type or strain of virus and releases it on the Internet so that it can spread all over the world. Being a new virus, it goes undetected by many anti-virus software and hence is able to spread all over the world and cause a lot of damage. Anti-virus companies are usually able to find a solution within 8 to 48 hours.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. 149 – Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective Scenario 2: A highly skilled programmer creates a new type or strain of virus. He does not release it on the Internet. Instead he sells it for a huge amount of money. The buyer uses the virus to target his rival company. Being a new virus, it may be undetected by the victim company’s anti-virus software and hence would be able to cause a lot of damage. Anti-virus companies may never get to know about the existence of the virus. – 150 –  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime Digital Evidence – Indian Perspective 3. 16 Web Defacement Website defacement is usually the substitution of the original home page of a website with another page (usually pornographic or defamatory in nature) by a hacker. Religious and government sites are regularly targeted by hackers in order to display political or religious beliefs. Disturbing images and offensive phrases might be displayed in the process, as well as a signature of sorts, to show who was responsible for the defacement. Websites are not only defaced for political reasons, many defacers do it just for the thrill. The scenario The homepage of a website is replaced with a pornographic or defamatory page. In case of Government websites, this is most commonly done on symbolic days (e. g. the Independence day of the country). The law Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act [In some cases section 67 and 70 may also apply]. Who is liable? The person who defaces the website. The motive Thrill or a perverse pleasure in inciting communal disharmony. Modus Operandi The defacer may exploit the vulnerabilities of the operating system or applications used to host the website. This will allow him to hack into the web server and change the home page and other pages. Alternatively he may launch a brute force or dictionary attack to obtain the administrator passwords for the website. He can then connect to the web server and change the webpages.  © 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. – 151 – www. asianlaws. org Head Office 6th Floor, Pride Senate, Behind Indiabulls Mega Store, Senapati Bapat Road, Pune – 411016. India Contact Numbers +91-20-25667148 +91-20-40033365 +91-20-64000000 +91-20-64006464 Email: info@asianlaws. org URL: www. asianlaws. org How to cite Real World, Papers

A revelation of love Essay Example For Students

A revelation of love Essay This is something typical of Medieval beliefs: we are reminded of Gawains pentangle with its five interlocking virtues, but Julian seems to take this further in that one image does not only exist alongside another, but one follows on from another in a chain of images and associations that traces the path from the physical to the spiritual, from bodily to gostly sight. The vision of the bleeding head prompts a response based in language from Julian: And as long as I saw this sight of the plentious bleding of the hede I might never stinte of these words: Benedicite domine! But it is the connection of the visual images that is so fascinating. She understands vi things from the shewing. The first is the toknys of the blissid passion and the plentious shedding of his pretious blood and having contemplated this moves to the maiden that is derworthy and moder, then the blissful Godhede. The images get progressively less physical moving from the visible mortal body of Christ to his mother who conceived immaculately, to God himself. The next three images dwell on the creations of God, that he hath made althing, that he made althing for love and that God is althing that is good. Julian begins with the physical seeing of the body of Christ, and uses this as a platform from which to meditate on aspects of God and his relationship with his communications that have nothing to do with the bodily or the physical. This is perhaps related to the way in which seeing itself was thought to work in the Middle Ages. Images from the eyes were believed to bombard the front part of the brain, the Common Sense, and then move to the Imagination, which impresses these images on the brain. To apply this to Julians vision, Christs bleeding body is in the Common Sense, and the subsequent connected images derive from the Imagination: the bodily sight leads to ghostly sight. At the same time as worshipping the mortal body of Christ, Julian is starkly aware of the frailty and insubstantiality of the human body. Her own bodily sight even prevents her from seeing the visions clearly enough: This I saw bodily, swemely and derkely, and I desired more bodily sight to have sene more clerely. But first bihoveth me to tellen you as anempt my febilnes, my wretchidnes and blindnes. Julian sees the body as weighing her down, holding her back from achieving true communion with God: we be so borne doun be weyte of our dedly flesh and derkhede of synne that we may not sen our lord God clerly in his faire blissful chere. Perhaps the limitation of the body that Julian feels most keenly is that of blindness, and this is due to the implicit connection in the Middle Ages and indeed today between seeing and knowing. Julian lived at a time when sight was the most important of the senses, and any act of seeing involved entering into a relationship with that which is seen. For Julian, looking at an image of Christ involves in some way letting Christ into her; by viewing his body in the passion she is entering a dialogue, becoming closer to him in a way that transcends words and follows an unbroken path between seeing, understanding and knowing. As well as the suffering body of Christ, Julian also imagines the body of Christ as nourishing and sustaining us in the way a mother suckles her child: The moder may geven hir child soken her mylke, but our pretious moder Iesus, he may feydn us with himselfe The moder may leyn the child tenderly to her brest but our tender moder Iesus, he may homely leden us into his blissid brest be his swete open syde, and shewyn therein partly of the Godhede and ioys of hevyn, with gostly sikernes of endless blisse This image of Christ as a mother with all its female and tender associations is another insight into the way in which the Medieval mind imagined the relationship between Christ and his people. .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd , .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .postImageUrl , .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd , .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd:hover , .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd:visited , .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd:active { border:0!important; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd:active , .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Lonely Characters in Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men is set during the 1930s about the time of the American depression EssayChrists bleeding body during the passion was seen as in some way connected to the female body, which was seen as more open than the male body. The dividing and segmenting of Christs wounds isolated the swete open wound in his side as being specifically female, and the language here describes Christ as being almost pregnant in his encompassing of the Godhede and ioys of hevyn. For Julian there is a trinity of types of understanding: I beheld it as one in Gods menyng. All this was shewed by thre: that is to sey, be bodily sight and by word formyd in my understondyng and be gostly sight. Julian repeats this idea later on: All the blissid teching of our lord God was shewid be iii partes: that is to sey, be bodily syte, and by word foryd in myn understondyng, and be gostly syte. For the bodily seyte, I have seid as I saw as trewely as I can; and for the words, I have seid them rith as our lord shewid them to me; and for the gostly syte, I have seid sumdele, but I may never full tellen it, and therefore of this syte I am sterrid to sey more as God will give me grace. In this instance Julian seems to imply a hierarchy, with bodily sight the lowest or first of the levels of understanding, followed by word formed in my understanding and then gostly sight, which is seen as something god-given, perhaps stemming from the Holy Ghost. The relationship of these different kinds of sight to the body comes full circle through the depth of understanding allowed by gostly sight. So intense is the connection it creates, that the body reacts physically to reflect what it sees: for which paynys I saw that all is to litel that I can sey, for it may not be told. The which shewing of Cristes peynys filled me ful of payne. This physicality of communication with God is often described in terms of physical ecstasy, the blissful touching of the Holy Spirit . The experience of some Saints such as Teresa of Avila also reflect this sense of a definite union with God that, although located in the physical, transcends all bodily senses to reach a spiritual climax. Ultimately the writings of Julian of Norwich highlight the complexity of describing, whether through words or through images, the relationship between God and mortals. The body is represented as the word incarnate, as a feeble vessel for Gods love, as the focus and centre of Christs sacrifice for us and as the medium through which we can attempt to express our connection from that which is so far removed from the physical, yet which can affect us in extremely intense and physical ways. Sight can be a direct path from what we look at to what we understand, or it can be involved in a much more complicated system of seeing and not seeing, bodily sight and gostly blindness or vice versa. Julian can only put across these ideas through an imperfect medium, but one which she handles skilfully. Ultimately, the very process by which words are understood may act as a metaphor for the experience to which they relate. 4 1 Marion Glasscoe, Introduction to Julian of Norwich, A Revelation of Love 2 Marion Glasscoe, Introduction to Julian of Norwich, A Revelation of Love 3 Marion Glasscoe, Introduction, Julian of Norwich A Revelation of Love 4 Marion Glasscoe, Introduction to Julian of Norwich, A Revelation of Love.